Indonesia is located in Southeast Asia and on the Equator, so that Indonesia has a beach and a very beautiful island, rich soil and tropical climate. Indonesia was among the continents of Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world comprising of 13,466 islands. With a population of over 258 million people in 2016, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. And the biggest Muslim country in the world with more than 207 million people. Indonesia is a republic form of government, with the House of Representatives, Regional Representatives Council and the President elected directly.
From Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia consists of various ethnic groups, languages and religions. Based clump nation (race), Indonesia consists of the original peoples of indigenous South Mongoloid / Austronesian and Melanesia where the Austronesian peoples of the largest in number and more inhabit the western part of Indonesia. More specifically, ethnic Javanese are the largest ethnic group with a population reaching 41.7% of the entire population of Indonesia. The Indonesian archipelago has become an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when the kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang religion and trade relations with China and India. Kingdoms Hindu and Buddhists have grown in the early centuries, followed by the traders who brought Islam, as well as various European powers fought one another to monopolize the spice trade during the era of exploration.
Portuguese are the first Europeans to arrive in Malacca (Indonesian archipelago) in 1509. The Portuguese managed to control the Malacca on August 10th 1511, led by Alfonso de Albuquerque. After control of Malacca, the Portuguese began to move from Madura to Ternate. The Indonesian people do various resistances against the Portuguese. One of the famous stiff resistance is the fight Fatahillah derived from Demak in Sunda Kelapa (now Jakarta). Fatahillah successfully repulsed the Portuguese and took back the Sunda Kelapa. After that the name was changed by Fatahillah from Sunda Kelapa to Jayakarta.
Portuguese zeroed in Ternate, then came the Spanish and more interested in an alliance with Tidore, which is located near by Ternate. There was rivalry between the Portuguese and Spanish in the Maluku region. Spain then build a fort on Tidore. Construction of the fort is increasingly sharpening competition communion Portuguese and Ternate with Spanish and Tidore. Finally, in 1527 there was a battle between Ternate with the help of the Portuguese against Tidore with the help of the Spain. Portuguese and Spanish realized losses incurred due to the competition. To overcome this problem, in 1534 the two agreed to sign Treaty of Zaragoza. Finally Maluku into Portuguese territory, and Spain had to leave the Maluku and focused on the Philippines.
In 1602 came the Dutch and beat the Portuguese so that Indonesia increasingly controlled by the Dutch. Netherlands entered Indonesia through Banten under the leadership of Cornelius de Houtman. The Netherlands wants to master the spice markets in Indonesia by establishing Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) in Banten in 1602. Due to market competition from Chinese traders and English, the VOC office moved to South Sulawesi. In South Sulawesi, the VOC got resistance from Sultan Hasanuddin. Once again VOC moved, finally it settled in Yogyakarta.
In Yogyakarta, VOC signed a Giyanti agreement whose contents is the Netherlands recognizes Mangkubumi as Sultan Hamengkubuwono 1. Giyanti Agreement also broke the Mataram kingdom became Kasunan and Yogyakarta Sultanate. VOC finally dissolved on January 1st 1800, after the Dutch defeat of France. After the VOC was dissolved, the Dutch colonists did not stop. The Netherlands pointed Daendels as governor general of the Dutch East Indies. At the time of Deandels, the Indonesian people were forced to make a highway from Anyer to Panarukan. However Daendels did not last long and was replaced by Johannes van den Bosch. Van den Bosch introduced a system of forced cultivation (cultivation system).
The Dutch colonization has continued until the 1900s and during the Indonesian people fought against the Dutch colonialists. But resistance is done in local areas so that the Dutch could easily defeat it. Resistance nation of Indonesia is only done in the war. In the 1850s the Indonesian people familiar with the education and the fight against the Dutch, not only by the war but with an intellectual.
Then the Japanese came and defeated the Dutch. The Dutch surrendered unconditionally to the Japanese through Kalijati agreement on 8th March 1942. The period of the Japanese occupation began in 1942. In Indonesia, the Japanese form multiple organizations. At first, the arrival of Japanese troops was warmly welcomed by the Indonesian nation. But in reality, Japan is not much different from other imperialist countries. Japan is the new imperialist countries, such as Germany and Italy.
As the new imperialist countries, Japan needs raw materials to meet the needs of industry and the market for industrial goods. Therefore, the colonies will be very important for the progress of the Japanese industry. What is the meaning of progress if not supported industry with raw materials (raw) is quite a cheap price and market goods resulting from broad industry. Japanese imperialism more severely that the Indonesian nation’s agony.
On August 6th 1945 an atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States began to demoralize Japanese soldiers throughout the world. On August 9th 1945, the second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, causing the Japanese surrendered to the United States and its allies. This moment is also used by Indonesia to declare its independence. On August 14th 1945, Japan formally surrendered to the Allies on board the USS Missouri. Army and Navy of Japan were still in power in Indonesia because Japan has promised to return to power in Indonesia into Europe Allied hands.
Soekarno and Hatta immediately prepare a meeting of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) to discuss everything related to the preparation of the Declaration of Independence. A day later, the pressure fluctuation which requires a takeover launched in Indonesia became Indonesian youths from several groups. PPKI meeting on August 16th at 10.a.m was not implemented because it is not attended by Soekarno and Hatta. Negotiations between the young and the elderly groups in the preparation of the text of the Declaration of Independence Indonesia took place from 2.a.m. until 4.a.m in the morning. Proclamation written in the dining room admiral Tadashi Maeda, a Japanese soldier, on Jl Imam Bonjol No. 1. The authors of the text of the proclamation are Soekarno, Moh. Hatta, and Ahmad Soebarjo.
The next morning is declaration of independent, on August 17th, 1945, at the residence of Soekarno, Pegangsaan East 56 were present, among others Soewirjo, Wilopo, Gafar Pringgodigdo, Tabarani and Trimurti and the people of Indonesia. The event began at 10:00 with the reading of the proclamation by Soekarno and spliced a short speech without notes. Then the flag, which has been sewn by Mrs. Fatmawati, was raised, followed by a speech by Soewirjo, deputy mayor of Jakarta at the time and Moewardi, leaders of Barisan Pioneers. On 17th August, then set as Indonesia's independence day is celebrated with a gala every year. This marks the end of colonialism in Indonesia, although after the date of August 17th, 1945 Dutch and allies still came and fought to colonize Indonesia again. But the people of Indonesia still fight so defeat the invaders.
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